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The automation of plant care also helps standardize the environment in which plants are grown (Brien et al., 2013). The movement of plants toward sensors reduces the number of sensors that need to be integrated into the system. The cost of HTP systems for crop improvement is often driven by the automation of movement and plant care, the temporal density of the measurements required to detect a particular developmental pattern, and specialized hardware for acquiring physiological and/or hyperspectral data (Yang et al., 2020). Toward this end, the present study demonstrates and validates the use of a low‐cost HTP system for automatically quantifying foliar area and greenness. To help address the worldwide food crisis, the cost and throughput of HTP systems need to be improved (Prasanna et al., 2013 Casto et al., 2021).

While these systems can provide a wealth of data on a variety of phenotypes, they are often costly to install and operate. The more advanced systems consist of several different imaging stations for non‐invasive measurements, computer‐controlled conveyors for moving plant pots to different stations, and automated plant care (Yang et al., 2020 Casto et al., 2021). Recent advances in hardware and software have allowed the development of high‐throughput phenotyping (HTP) systems for automatically measuring plant traits at higher spatial and temporal densities (for a review, see Yang et al., 2020). While manual measurements may benefit from the expertise of the experimenter, manual measurements by novices can also be useful given supportive devices or computer interfaces (Giuffrida et al., 2018). Traditionally, phenotyping has involved manual measurements of plant organs and yield. While high‐throughput genomics has rapidly become cost‐ and time‐efficient, the throughput and cost of phenotyping has become a major limitation in most crop improvement programs (Casto et al., 2021).

Investing time and money into research on genotype–phenotype relationships for crops can improve agricultural productivity in the long term (Von Braun, 2008 Challinor et al., 2014). The ongoing worldwide food crisis emphasizes the need for reducing the cost of agricultural production (Von Braun, 2008 Ray et al., 2013 Challinor et al., 2014).

Keyword Researcher Pro 13.243 instal the new version for windows